Artificial intelligence for Software Testing | Artificial Intelligence in Test Automation - LLM Concepts Deep Dive: Tokens, Transformers, Embeddings & RAG Explained

This video is a practical, step-by-step walkthrough of core LLM concepts designed for engineers, testers, and interview prep. I explain how LLMs read text (tokenization and subword tokens), how embeddings represent meaning, and the Transformer architecture (self-attention, encoder/decoder variants). You’ll see how LLMs are trained (pre-training vs fine-tuning), why emergent abilities like reasoning appear, and how to design prompts (zero-shot, few-shot, chain-of-thought). I cover truth and reliability issues (hallucinations), bias, and an explanation of Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG): retrieve, augment, generate. Keywords included for discoverability: llm concepts, llm concepts for interview, llm concepts deep dive. What you’ll learn in this video: • How tokenization and subword tokens work and why tokenization matters for cost and accuracy. • What embeddings are and how they power semantic search and RAG. • Transformer internals: self-attention explained simply, and differences between encoder-only, decoder-only, and encoder-decoder models. • The training lifecycle: pretraining, fine-tuning, instruction tuning, and RLHF at a high level. • Prompting techniques and mitigation strategies for hallucinations and bias. • An end-to-end RAG pattern. Who this video is for: AI developers, ML engineers, AI testers preparing for interviews, and anyone who wants a clear, actionable mental model of LLMs. Chapters: Overview Tokens & Tokenization Embeddings and semantic vectors Transformer & self-attention intuition Model families: encoder / decoder / decoder-only Pretraining vs fine-tuning; emergent abilities Prompting patterns (zero/few/CoT) Hallucinations, bias, and reliability RAG: retrieve, augment, generate Practical tips for interview prep ***** Join this channel to get access to perks like exclusive content: https://youtube.com/c/SoftwareandTestingTraining/join ***** AI / Machine Learning Tutorials https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGWsHYGhnGwGSX3C-EXUmotP Artificial intelligence for software testing https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGXcuIxOewDNJGZSbqXd7fkW Software Testing Tutorials #shorts (Mini Software Testing course): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGUPN9xL4JnWKikcR0JYe0eh Software Testing Tutorials (complete set): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGWuMK03uYO-UENAx0s2woWM Selenium Tutorials (Selenium Java): https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGXpUQyWlYK2JynPYWKkNUE_ Selenium Videos (Selenium Python Tutorials complete set) : https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGUPPWt_rIVszepL1nMTbDaW Test Automation: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLc3SzDYhhiGXVcy8EcrTSfwsC-v8EUZvg Subscribe to Software and Testing Training channel: https://youtube.com/c/SoftwareandTestingTraining?sub_confirmation=1 Software and Testing Training: Online training in AI, ML, Python programming, VB scripting, Perl scripting, Big Data, SQL, HTML, XML, Selenium Python, Selenium with Java, SoapUI, LoadRunner and JMeter automated software testing tools, software testing training, Database testing, QA, domain knowledge and others #softwareandtestingtraining #fourthindustrialrevolution #inderpsingh Website (blog): https://fourth-industrial-revolution.blogspot.com/ LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/inderpsingh/